{"id":1411,"date":"2022-08-01T22:38:41","date_gmt":"2022-08-01T22:38:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/?p=1411"},"modified":"2022-08-02T00:17:39","modified_gmt":"2022-08-02T00:17:39","slug":"anuran-diversity-in-edge-vs-forest-habitats-in-san-luis-costa-rica","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/anuran-diversity-in-edge-vs-forest-habitats-in-san-luis-costa-rica\/","title":{"rendered":"Anuran Diversity in Edge vs Forest Habitats in San Luis, Costa Rica"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull is-light\" style=\"min-height:258px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-20 has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#b6bf0f\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"261\" src=\"http:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Odum-School-of-Ecology-logo-1024x261.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1260\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Odum-School-of-Ecology-logo-1024x261.png 1024w, https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Odum-School-of-Ecology-logo-300x76.png 300w, https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Odum-School-of-Ecology-logo-768x196.png 768w, https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Odum-School-of-Ecology-logo-1536x391.png 1536w, https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Odum-School-of-Ecology-logo-2048x522.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center has-foreground-color has-text-color is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\"><h2 style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400;\" class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-post-title has-system-font-font-family\">Anuran Diversity in Edge vs Forest Habitats in San Luis, Costa Rica<\/h2>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\">Elizabeth Shaffer<sup>1<\/sup> &amp; Amanda T. Rugenski<sup>1<\/sup><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size wp-block-heading\"><sup><strong>1<\/strong><\/sup>Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignfull is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-57818f5b wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-top:2%;padding-right:2%;padding-bottom:2%;padding-left:2%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:2px;padding-top:2%;padding-right:2%;padding-bottom:2%;padding-left:2%\">\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-transform:capitalize\">Introduction<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Neotropics contain at least 44% of global anuran diversity (Duellman, 1988).<\/li><li>Amphibians are the most threatened vertebrates, and in the Neotropics, populations may experience declines up to 75% in some upland areas (Catenazzi et al. 2015).<\/li><li>Declines are mainly due to habitat alteration, climate change, and disease. <\/li><li>These declines are altering ecosystem structure and function (Rantala, et al., 2015). <\/li><li>During land use conversion, edge habitats are created, and environmental variables may differ in edge vs. forest habitat, which can affect community diversity (Cubides and Cardona, 2011).<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-border-color has-custom-hedges-border-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-3420dfac wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#b6bf0f14;border-width:2px;padding-top:2%;padding-right:2%;padding-bottom:2%;padding-left:2%\">\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-transform:capitalize\">Question &amp; Hypothesis<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Question<\/strong>: How does anuran diversity differ between edge and forest habitats?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hypothesis<\/strong>: We predicted that anuran diversity would be higher in the forest habitat than in the edge habitat, because it is undisturbed and does not have altered and variable environmental factors associated with edge habitats.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-105387a9 wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:2px;padding-top:0%;padding-right:2%;padding-bottom:2%;padding-left:2%\">\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-transform:capitalize\">Methods<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Study site<\/strong>: CIEE\u2019s campus near San Luis in Monteverde, Costa Rica<\/li><li>Established a 500m transect in an edge (road) and forest habitat (Camino Real trail). Both shown in red in the map below.<\/li><li>Employed visual and aural surveys during the day and at night.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"776\" height=\"593\" src=\"http:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Shaffer-Elizabeth-2021-map.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1419\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Shaffer-Elizabeth-2021-map.png 776w, https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Shaffer-Elizabeth-2021-map-300x229.png 300w, https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Shaffer-Elizabeth-2021-map-768x587.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 776px) 100vw, 776px\" \/><figcaption>Established a 500m transect in an edge (road) and forest\nhabitat (Camino Real trail) shown in red <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:2px;padding-top:2%;padding-right:2%;padding-bottom:2%;padding-left:2%\">\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-transform:capitalize\">Results<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"647\" src=\"http:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Shaffer-E-2021-observed-anuran-1024x647.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Shaffer-E-2021-observed-anuran-1024x647.png 1024w, https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Shaffer-E-2021-observed-anuran-300x190.png 300w, https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Shaffer-E-2021-observed-anuran-768x486.png 768w, https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Shaffer-E-2021-observed-anuran-1536x971.png 1536w, https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Shaffer-E-2021-observed-anuran-2048x1295.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>: We observed a total of 9 individuals in the edge habitat and 23 in the forest habitat. The most abundant species in the edge habitat was <em>Lithobates warszewitschii<\/em>, and the most abundant species in the forest habitat were <em>C. stejnegerianus<\/em> and <em>C. underwoodi<\/em>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Overall, the forest habitat had a higher abundance of individuals (Figures 1, 2) and a higher species richness and diversity (Table 1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nighttime sampling yielded higher abundances (Figure 2) and a lower CPUE (not shown). Effort was not divided evenly between daytime and nighttime sampling (1 person during day; 2 3 people during<br>night).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"810\" height=\"1080\" data-id=\"1423\" src=\"http:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Shaffer-Elizabeth-2021.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1423\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Shaffer-Elizabeth-2021.png 810w, https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Shaffer-Elizabeth-2021-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Shaffer-Elizabeth-2021-768x1024.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 810px) 100vw, 810px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"822\" height=\"1096\" data-id=\"1418\" src=\"http:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Shaffer-Elizabeth-2021-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1418\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Shaffer-Elizabeth-2021-2.png 822w, https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Shaffer-Elizabeth-2021-2-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Shaffer-Elizabeth-2021-2-768x1024.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 822px) 100vw, 822px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"561\" src=\"http:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Shaffer-E-2021-habitat-1024x561.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1421\" srcset=\"https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Shaffer-E-2021-habitat-1024x561.png 1024w, https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Shaffer-E-2021-habitat-300x164.png 300w, https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Shaffer-E-2021-habitat-768x421.png 768w, https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Shaffer-E-2021-habitat-1536x841.png 1536w, https:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Shaffer-E-2021-habitat-2048x1121.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>: The total number of individuals observed was greater during both day and night sampling along the forest transect than along the edge transect. Error bars represent standard deviation.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:2px;padding-top:2%;padding-right:2%;padding-bottom:2%;padding-left:2%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Metric<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Edge<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Forest<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Total<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>Species Richness<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">4<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">5<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">6<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>Species Diversity<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0.738<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0.833<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0.815<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption><strong>Table 1<\/strong>: Species diversity was measured using the Simpson\u2019s Index. The forest habitat had a slightly higher species richness than the edge habitat. It also had a greater species diversity. This table excludes the unknown species (<em>C. spp.<\/em>) that are present in Figures 4 and 5.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:2px;padding-top:2%;padding-right:2%;padding-bottom:2%;padding-left:2%\">\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-transform:capitalize\">Discussion<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Results show that forest habitat was more diverse and species rich<\/li><li>Differences in water availability may have affected which species were found in each habitat (standing\/running water in edge habitat vs dry forest habitat), most likely depending on which species had a larval stage vs direct development.<\/li><li>Highlights the importance of habitat diversity maintenance.<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:2px;padding-top:2%;padding-right:2%;padding-bottom:2%;padding-left:2%\">\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-transform:capitalize\">Future Work<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Standardize catch per unit effort for daytime and nighttime sampling<\/li><li>Longer sampling window\/sampling including sampling during wider variety of hours<\/li><li>Separate study on effects of environmental variables such as rainfall or moon phase<\/li><li>Our study was the first study to establish baseline transects and monitoring for long term anuran sampling at CIEE.<\/li><li>With a changing climate, habitat alteration and disease it is important to monitor long term changes in communities to better predict and understand community dynamics.<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:2px;padding-top:2%;padding-right:2%;padding-bottom:2%;padding-left:2%\">\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-transform:capitalize\">Acknowledgements<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Special thanks to the CIEE staff for allowing the use of their facilities for this research and to Moncho Claderon for help in identifying amphibian species.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:2px;padding-top:2%;padding-right:2%;padding-bottom:2%;padding-left:2%\">\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-transform:capitalize\">References<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Catenazzi, A., 2015. State of the world&#8217;s amphibians.<em>Annual Review of Environment and Resources<\/em>, 40, pp. 91-119.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Cubides, P., &amp; Cardona, J. (2011). Anthropogenic Disturbance and Edge Effects on Anuran Assemblages Inhabiting Cloud Forest Fragments in Colombia. <em>Natureza &amp; Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o<\/em> , 1-8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Duellman, W. E. (1988). Patterns of Species Diversity in Anuran Amphibians in the American Tropics. <em>Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden<\/em>, 79-104.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Rantala, H. M., Nelson, A. M., Fulgoni , J. N., Whiles, M. R., Hall Jr., R. O., Dodds , W. K., . . .Connelly, S. (2015). Long term changes in structure and function of a tropical headwater stream following a disease driven amphibian decline. <em>Freshwater Biology<\/em>, 575-589.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b02886af wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<p>Download Original PDF of Poster<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-space-between is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-b2891da8 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link\" href=\"http:\/\/courses.ecology.uga.edu\/tropical-ecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/08\/Shaffer-Elizabeth-2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Download PDF<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How does anuran diversity differ between edge and forest habitats?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":35,"featured_media":1471,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"wp-custom-template-research-2","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[63],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1411","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-research-poster"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - 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